Papermaking Process essay 1

The craft of making paper basically is still the same as it was when the whole notion of paper invention emerged in AD 105. The core of paper making involves preparation of stock, formation of the paper web, drying the sheet and finally application of coating and additives. Nowadays the only difference is the technology and new innovations involved in the craft.

The paper making process

European paper makers for instance, chose to craft it out of materials like cotton and linen fiber from rags. Initially, sorted and cleaned rags are heated in an alkali solution. This is done in an open vat before the rags are passed under steam pressure. Then the drained and seasoned rags are washed and macerated to a pulp that will be bleached as to remove the unwanted traces of dyes and residual darkening due to the cooking process.

Paper get its form when a paper mold is lifted out horizontally after being dipped into the vat of stock. This happens when the fibers gets trapped against the screen of the mold. Hand made paper molds consists of parallelly lengthen wires being laced together either by fine wires, threads or even woven wire mesh.

Removed sheet from the mold is pressed on the felts or woolen cloth. Post, a stack of paper sheets and felts placed in a large wooden screw press will then be tightened by the workers of the mill by pushing or pulling a long wooden lever. This leads to the production of an average of 6-8 inches post out of a 2- foot. Once this task is completed, the pressed sheets will be lifted and left to dry in relatively low number of groups known as "spurs". Far away from soot and dust the "spurs" are dried at the highest level of the mill.

Animal glue and gelatin is used to make the paper less absorbent, and this is particularly important for writing papers. Early 17th century witnessed the pioneer method for smoothing paper using glossy stone and a water-powered hammer as a finishing touch.

The Process of Academic Writting

Writing task one: processes

You will be given a diagram of a process. Your task is to describe the information given in the diagram by writing a 150 word report. You are not asked to give your opinion. What is being tested Task one questions asking you to describe a process rarely appear on the IELTS test. They are different from table, graph and chart description because they test your ability to: describe each important stage in the process and expand where necessary link your descriptions of each stage use the present simple passive As process tasks can vary widely, it is essential that you look at a lot of examples in IELTS preparation books. You should spend around 20 minutes on the task. Sample task You should spend about 20 minutes on this task. The flow chart below shows how national examination papers are marked in Someland. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information below. You should write at least 150 words. Your task Complete the Task One report exercise above. Spend only 20 minutes. Then look at the notes and the sample answer below. Guidelines for a good answer Does the report have a suitable structure? Does it have an introduction, body and conclusion? Does it include connective words to make the writing cohesive within sentences and paragraphs? Does the report use suitable grammar and vocabulary? Does it include a variety of sentence structures? Does it include a range of appropriate vocabulary? Does the report meet the requirements of the task? Does it meet the word limit requirements? Does it describe the whole process adequately? Sample answers The sample task given is simplified for the sake of explaining this kind of report task clearly. In a genuine test you can expect the process to be more complex. The flow chart shows the marking procedures for national exam papers in Someland. After the papers are collected, the Reading and Listening papers are marked by an administrator and then collated. The writing papers are treated differently. After collection, the writing papers are marked by an examiner. The marks are then sent to an administrator for collation while the exam papers are sent to an examination board. The board either stores the papers or reassesses them. Strategies for improving your IELTS score Meeting the task requirements When you begin the writing test, look at the illustration (flow chart, diagram etc) and try to work out what the important stages are, the order they occur and any obvious reasons for the order. Your report must include every stage shown in the diagram or flow chart. When looking at the illustration, be careful to distinguish stages which happen concurrently. (A is performed at the same time as B) and others which are alternatives (either A or B is performed). The flow chart given in the Sample Task demonstrates this problem. Look at the stages for the writing test. In the second stage we can see that the writing paper is marked by an examiner. It is then sent to the examination board while at the same time the marks are sent to an administrator. These events occur concurrently. In the final stage, the papers are either stored or reassessed. These events are alternatives. It may happen that the diagram does not make much sense to you at first glance. Look for a starting point and follow through the stages in your mind before beginning to write. If it’s still not making sense, then go on to Task Two but make sure that you give yourself 20 minutes to complete the report before the end of the writing test time. It often happens that our brains can sort problems out for us even when we are focusing on something else. Report structure Like the line graphs, your report should be structured simply with an introduction, body and conclusion. Tenses should be used appropriately. Use one standard opening sentence to introduce the report. This opening sentence will make up the first paragraph. You should state simply what the process is. For example: The flow chart shows the marking procedures for national exam papers in Someland. Notice that the sample opening sentence does not simply copy the words used in the task instructions. Copied sentences will not be assessed by the examiner and so you waste your time including them. The body of the report will describe the process in a logical order. A conclusion will generally not be necessary in this kind of report. Grammar and vocabulary You will receive a higher mark if your writing uses a range of structures and vocabulary correctly rather than a limited number. If the flow chart is simple and linear then you may be able to link the stages together by simply using some of the following transition signals. To begin with First of all First Secondly, thirdly, etc Then Next After that Finally If the process is more complex, as in the example above, then you may need to also use these words Alternatively Otherwise In addition At the same time Concurrently Using the present simple passive The passive is associated with an impersonal formal style. It is often used in notices, announcements and describing processes. Compare the following sentences: Active: The examiner marks the test paper Passive: The test paper is marked The two sentences have the same meaning but the emphasis is different. In the active sentence we are more interested in the person or thing doing the action (the agent). In the passive sentence we are more interested in the person or thing affected by the action. If we want to mention the agent we use by: The test paper is marked by the examiner But often the agent is not important. The passive is not another way of expressing the same sentence in the active. We choose the active or passive depending on what we are more interested in. In the first sentence we are more interested in the examiner. In the second sentence we are more interested in the test paper. Subject is / are Past Participle (by agent) rapid Is marked (by the examiner)